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atonement

Sacrifice

  • Popular
  • J. I. Packer

The article explains the atonement of Christ whereby he gave satisfaction for sin and restored a broken relationship.

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Reconciliation According To the Scriptures

  • Semi-Technical
  • Kenneth D. Koeman

This article discusses atonement in the Old Testament and the New Testament, with special attention to the substitutionary character of atonement.

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Biblical Metaphors for Atonement

  • Semi-Technical
  • P. Koeman

This article discusses the wrath of God, and Jesus Christ saving God’s people from his wrath (atonement). The article also looks at the question of the suffering of God.

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Canons of Dort Chapter 2 – Christ's Death and Man's Redemption through It

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  • Clarence Bouwman

This article discusses Chapter 2 of the Canons of Dort, which includes topics like atonement and the redemption of man.

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Ten Things You Should Know about the Christus Victor of the Atonement

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  • Sam Storms

How did Christ gain victory over Satan through the atonement? Did Christ pay a ransom to Satan? This article addresses these questions, giving due attention to the Christus Victor theory of the atonement in its considerations.

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Problems with Arminian Universal Redemption

  • Basic
  • Joel R. Beeke

Did Christ die for everyone? Arminianism argues that Christ’s atonement is universal, not limited. This article examines the claims of universal redemption and points out that there are eight problems with the claim.

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The Extent of the Atonement

  • Basic
  • Joel R. Beeke

Whom did Jesus Christ die for? To say that the atonement was limited to the elected is not an answer that all accept. This article gives four answers throughout church history on the atonement.

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The Atonement and Jehovah’s Witnesses

  • Basic
  • William Boekestein

The one great thing that the Jehovah’s Witnesses miss is the atonement of Christ. This article argues that they miss this because they miss the character of our sins and the eternal character of the satisfaction of the death of Christ.

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Salvation

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  • Bill Medley

The atonement was meant for the elect alone. But what about biblical texts that says Jesus died for all, or the world? This article looks at those texts and gives the answer.

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Perfect Prize

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  • Mark Powell

What did the death of Christ on the cross achieve? This article looks at three major ways in which people have understood the significance of Christ's death: the moral influence theory, the Christus victor theory, and the penal substitution view of the atonement. The author indicates how the third point of view has the most biblical support.

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Penal and More Jesus took Our Sin, but His Death wrought even more

  • Semi-Technical
  • John McClean

This article shows that penal substitution is the teaching that does justice to the biblical teaching of atonement. It gives balance to God’s love and justice, shows the involvement of the Triune God, and embraces the total work of Christ.

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Now – And Not Yet The Place of Divine Healing in the Atonement

  • Basic
  • Peter Hastie

Does Scripture make a promise that divine healing is a blessing that flows out of Christ's atoning work? This article shows that this passage does not promise physical healing based on Christ’s atonement. Total healing will only come when Christ returns.

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Why the Cross?

  • Basic
  • Leon Morris

The cross is at the heart of Christianity. By looking at the meaning of atonement, redemption, propitiation, reconciliation, justification, and sacrifice, this article shows why the cross is the only solution to man’s problem.

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Critical Biblical Theology in a New Key: A Review Article

  • Technical
  • John F. Hobbins

This is a review article of Der Gott der Lebendigen (God of the Living), co-authored by Hermann Spieckermann and Reinhard Feldmeier. This review regards as a success the attempt of the authors to demonstrate the value of writing a theology in which the attributes of God are the point of departure.

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Our High Priest Christ in the Old Testament Ceremonies Series: Lecture Three

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  • Mark Allison

This article looks at Exodus 28 and Leviticus 16 to discuss the typology of the Old Testament high priest as foreshadowing the work of Christ. The article gives attention to the designation of the high priest, his dress (the ephod, breastplate, mitre), and his deeds (atonement, so described in Leviticus 16).

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Christ in Our Place: The Contribution of the Prepositions

  • Technical
  • Ronald E. Davies

This study considers two of the prepositions used in New Testament statements on the subject of the atonement to see what contribution they have to make. Four prepositions are used in the New Testament statements about the death of Christ, but only two are examined here, i. e. "for" (ἀντί) and "on behalf of/for the sake of/for the beneft of" (ὐπέρ).

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Revelation 16 – Inverted Atonement

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  • Peter J. Leithart

This article shows how the atonement text in Revelation 16 is an inverted atonement text.

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Two Shall Become One Flesh, Part 3: Realizing Recovering

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ryan Handermann

How can heaven and earth be joined together when they are currently so separated? This article gives the answer: through the atonement of Jesus Christ. He fulfills all the recoverings that happened in the Old Testament sacrificial liturgy by becoming the covering himself. This article concludes with reflections on how this comes into the Christian life of forgiveness, based on 1 John 1:6-2:2.

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The Significance of Death in Relation to the Atonement

  • Semi-Technical
  • Geoffrey W. Bromiley

What is the significance of the death of Chrst in the atonement for man's sin? The discussion of this article is concerned in particular with the widely criticized doctrine of the penal substitution of Christ and the much-advocated subjective or ethical views of atonement.

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'Asham

  • Semi-Technical
  • Leon Morris

This article deals with the way God addressed sin and guilt amongst his covenant people. Hebrew words like asham and related words are examined for a better understanding of the significance of atonement.

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Jesus and the Day of Atonement

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  • Justin S. Holcomb

From Leviticus 16:15-16, 20-22 this article shows how the goats on the Day of Atonement were pointing to the atonement of Christ.

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A Parable of the Atonement

  • Semi-Technical
  • R. G. Crawford

The claim of this article is that the parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15) is a parable of the atonement.

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Romans 8 and the Extent of the Atonement: Help from John Murray

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  • Mike Riccardi, John Murray

This article includes an excerpt from John Murray's Redemption Accomplished and Applied, in which he discusses Romans 8:31-39 in relation to the question of the extent of Christ's atonement for sinners.

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Evangelism and the Extent of the Atonement

  • Semi-Technical
  • Mike Riccardi

This article explains the relationship between the extent of the atonement and evangelism, quoting part of J.I. Packer's Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God.

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Written in Blood

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  • Jonathan Fletcher

This article defends the centrality of the atonement to the Christian faith, with consideration given to Romans 3:21-26.

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The Wrath of God

  • Semi-Technical
  • W. J. Grier

The author refutes the theological claims of C. H. Dodd, who sees the concept of the wrath of God as having a diminished place in the Bible. The author finds that the wrath of God is an important part of the inspired Scriptures. Further, he finds this doctrine to be an essential aspect of the doctrine of God, of sin, of atonement, the love of God, of judgment, and of hell.

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Doctrinal Content of the Message of Evangelism

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ernest C. Reisinger

This article discusses what the author calls "the doctrinal content of the message of evangelism," with the discussion based on Luke 26:46-48. The author lists the points of this doctrinal content as (1) the necessity of the cross, (2) the resurrection, and (3) repentance and remission of sins.

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Arminianism Exposed

  • Semi-Technical
  • Mark Herzer

This article exposes the major teachings of Arminianism. The teachings discussed include the doctrines of the knowledge of God, atonement, prevenient grace, justification, the denial of imputation, and the role of faith.

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The Wrath of God in Relation to the Atonement

  • Semi-Technical
  • Frederick S. Leahy

This writing seeks to find the relation between the wrath of God and the atonement. While God was expressing his wrathful and just punishment of man's sin on Christ, was his love excluded? The answer in this article says that it was not, but was being demonstrated in Christ's atonement for his people.

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Supralapsarianism and Infralapsarianism

  • Technical
  • Herman Bavinck

Bavinck discusses the views of supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism, which are all attempts to describe the order in which God made the decision to predestine man to salvation, permit the fall, and provide a mediator for the atonement of the elect. The author finds fault with both views and discusses an alternative way of viewing and studying God's decree.

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The Foreknowledge of God

  • Technical
  • Arthur W. Pink

The author speaks on the foreknowledge of God as it applies to the doctrine of atonement. The article rejects the assertion that God foreknew who would believe and therefore predestined such people to salvation. The author redefines the foreknowledge of God, understanding it in the context of the decree of God.

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Scriptural Particularism

  • Technical
  • Rienk B. Kuiper

The author dwells on the particularist view of the divine design of the atonement, that by the atonement God purposed to save only those who are elected. The author supports this view from Scripture. The discussion also involves the opposing views of unrestricted and inconsistent universalism.

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The Atonement

  • Semi-Technical
  • John Owen

The article deals with the subject of how one should understand the extent of the atonement of Christ. The article first deals with how to understand the use of particular language in particular contexts. Secondly, it appeals to the hermeneutical rule that Scripture should interpret Scripture. Further, Scripture should be compared to Scripture so that similarities occasioned by the use of merely different words should be noted.

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Limited Atonement

  • Semi-Technical
  • Loraine Boettner

Did Christ offer himself up as a sacrifice for all people, or only for a limited number? The author replies that the atonement of Christ was sufficient to save the whole human race, but was efficient to save only the elect. The Arminians, however, argue that the atonement has made it possible for all men to cooperate with the divine grace, and thus come to salvation if they will believe.

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Atonement and the Covenant of Grace

  • Technical
  • H. Martin

In this article, the author puts forward a strong case for studying theological doctrines in such a way that each individual doctrine falls within a particular larger theological field. He thus proposes that the doctrine of the atonement should be defended as falling within the covenant of grace. In this regard, the gospel call is made to everyone outside, but the one who really calls, Jesus Christ, does so from within the covenant of grace.

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Charles Finney's Doctrine of Justification

  • Semi-Technical
  • David H. Linden

In this review of the theology of Charles Finney, the author focuses on his doctrine of justification. He takes note of Finney’s strange teaching that justification is a governmental pardon and not a judiciary acquittal. There are also multiple conditions for justification, according to Finney, and not simply faith as the Protestants claim. His view of atonement undermines the centrality of the cross of Christ as the one single act of God in atoning for sin.

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Penal substitution: A Response to Recent Criticisms

  • Semi-Technical
  • Garry J. Williams

This article responds to recent criticisms of the doctrine of penal substitution as atonement for human sin. The author's main focus is the publication of The Lost Message of Jesus by Steve Chalke and Alan Mann from a British perspective, and views expressed by Joel B. Green from an American perspective. He notes four main charges brought against penal substitution.

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The Atonement

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  • James Gunn

Atonement is a word that captures the work of Christ in terms of propitiation, expiation, and reconciliation. This article explains these terms and how they relate to Christ’s work.

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"The Utmost Farthing Paid": The Doctrine of the Atonement

  • Semi-Technical
  • Anonymous

This article discusses the extent of the atonement of Christ.

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Dying with Christ

  • Semi-Technical
  • John V. Dahms

Dahm wants to draw attention to a biblical emphasis concerning atonement that has suffered from relative neglect. This neglect concerns the believer's dying with Christ. The author considers the significance of dying with Christ against the background of Old Testament sacrificial practices.

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The Incarnation: Jesus Fully God and Fully Man

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  • Dave Jenkins

Why is Jesus the only Saviour? The answer to this question is found in the truth of the incarnation. It is through the incarnation that the challenge of the atonement is met, for it is only one who is both God and man who can truly atone for sin.

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Christ’s Work of Atonement

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  • Jason P. Van Vliet

How can the perfect, holy God have unity with sinners? This article argues that the answer is Christ's work of atonement. It explains the biblical account of the atonement and the extent of the atonement. It examines various views on the atonement.

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Lessons from Passover

  • Basic
  • Michael P. V. Barrett

From Exodus 12, this article draws lessons from the Passover and looks at what it says about the grace of God, atonement, and saving faith through the Passover Lamb that pointed to Christ.

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Christ's Glory in His Death and Atonement

  • Basic
  • Jerrold Lewis

The death of Christ and his atonement reveal his glory. Let this article show you how.

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Karl Rahner on the Death of Christ

  • Semi-Technical
  • John W. Williams

During the 1970s Karl Rahner was one of the most popular theologians in the Roman Catholic Church. This essay considers Rahner's view of the salvific value of the death of Christ and the significance of the atonement.

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Exegetical Notes - The Meaning of Kipper, "Atone"

  • Semi-Technical
  • R. Laird Harris

Harris gives a short exegetical exposition of the term "kipper," which is important for our understanding of atonement.

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In My Place Condemned He Stood – Penal Substitution Revisited

  • Semi-Technical
  • J. I. Packer

The author introduces the place, meaning, and importance of the doctrine of atonement through penal substitution.

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The Case for Definite Atonement

  • Semi-Technical
  • Roger R. Nicole

Nicole argues for an understanding of the atonement as definite. He wants to argue the exact point at issue: the chief purpose of the Father in sending the Son and the chief intention of Christ in laying down his life in sacrifice. The author goes on to give the main arguments for his understanding of definite atonement, and to answer objections against his view.

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Theories of the Atonement

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  • Leon Morris

This is a theological dictionary entry on different theories of the atonement.

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Atonement

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  • Leon Morris

This is a theological dictionary entry on the atonement.

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The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross

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  • Leon Morris

This chapter is the conclusion to Morris's study on the atonement. Morris summarizes the major findings of the book.

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What Did the Cross Achieve: The Logic of Penal Substitution

  • Technical
  • J. I. Packer

The biblical way of thinking about the atonement is to think of it as penal substitution. In arguing this point this article points to the nature of knowledge required to comprehend this. This kind of knowledge is faith knowledge that rests on God's Word. It explains the idea of substitution and how it relates to Christ death being penal.

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Introductory Essay to John Owen's The Death of Death in the Death of Christ

  • Semi-Technical
  • J. I. Packer

Both universal redemption and Arminianism paint an unbiblical account of salvation, for they all take away God's glory. This introductory essay to John Owen's The Death of Death in the Death of Christ shows how this is so by looking at what constitutes the teaching of Calvinism about the atonement.

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The Bearer of Iniquity

  • Semi-Technical
  • Joseph A. Pipa

What did Christ accomplish for us by his active obedience and passive obedience? This article notes four things in answer to this question: Christ accomplished expiation, propitiation, reconciliation, and redemption. In the process, the author attempts to explain these terms and their individual meanings within the context of Christ's atonement.

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Did Jesus Have to Die?

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  • Bob Burridge

Why did Jesus die? This article shows that the cross of Jesus was the demonstration of God’s justice (Romans 3:25) and is indispensable to atonement and our salvation.

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Atonement

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  • Carl J. Haak

Every individual on earth is faced daily with this one question: how will you stand before the living and the holy God? In this context, atonement is central to the teaching of Scripture.

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Preaching Christ (Part 5)

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  • David Meager

This is the fifth article in a twelve part series on the topic of preaching Christ. Preaching the atonement of Christ should point people to the reality that God himself was responsible for the crucifixion. This was the way Christ was intended to die as our substitute. Christ's death provides reconciliation with God.

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The All-Sufficiency of Christ

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  • S. M. Baugh

Jesus Christ is all we need for justification before God. Jesus has provided substitutionary atonement and righteousness for us. The author also discusses Galatians 2:20.

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Isaiah 53:5 - Is Healing Promised in the Atonement?

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  • Jon Taylor

Does Isaiah 53:5 promise healing to every believer on the basis of Christ atonement? This article shows that Isaiah is referring to spiritual healing, not physical healing. Total healing flows from the atonement, but this will occur on the new earth and heaven.

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1 Peter 2:24 - Christ our Sin Bearer

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  • John Murray

This article on 1 Peter 2:24 is about the atonement.

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The Atonement

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  • Cornelis Pronk

Who did Christ die for? This article is about salvation and atonement.

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Surveying the Wondrous Cross: The Atonement in Church History

  • Popular
  • Jeffrey Waddington

In this article on church history, the author traces the different teachings of the church in reaction to the doctrine of atonement. Five views on atonement have arisen in the past; namely, ransom, satisfaction, moral influence, penal substitutionary, and governmental perspectives.

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Surveying the Wondrous Cross: New Testament Pictures for the Atonement

  • Popular
  • Jeffrey Waddington

Looking at redemption, reconciliation, victory, propitiation, and justification in relation to the atonement, this article shows how these words are used in the New Testament to clarify and portray the wondrous work of Christ in the atonement.

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The Atonement in Context of Covenant Theology

  • Semi-Technical
  • Jeffrey Waddington

This article views the covenant of redemption as the plan, and the covenant of works and covenant of grace as being the execution of the plan. The author shows how the atonement features within the covenant, and how Christ takes our place.

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The Death of Death in the Death of Christ

  • Semi-Technical
  • J. I. Packer

Written as an introduction to John Owen's teaching on limited atonement, this article shows that upholding universal redemption is a denial of the gospel. The author discusses the biblical teaching on atonement, and shows how this perspective impacts preaching.

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The Doctrine of the Atonement: The Active Obedience of Christ

  • Semi-Technical
  • J. Gresham Machen

Written to defend the substitutionary view of the atonement, this article shows that viewing the cross of Christ as an example of personal sacrifice for Christians to follow is contrary to the teaching of scripture. God's justice necessitated the substitutionary work of Christ on our behalf.

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For Whom Did Christ Die?

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  • Jacques Roets

This article looks at the topic of limited atonement, discussing the extent and the effect of atonement.

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Arguments Supporting the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 15)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the acts which were undertaken to accomplish atonement. The author speaks specifically about the intercession of Christ, showing that Christ intercedes for the elect only.

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Arguments Supporting the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 14)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the acts which were undertaken to accomplish atonement. The author speaks specifically about the act of oblation; namely, the sacrifice of Christ on the cross.

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Arguments Supporting of the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 13)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the role of God the Holy Spirit in relationship to the birth of the Son.

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Arguments Supporting of the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 12)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the role of God the Father. The author discusses the way in which the Father was involved in the coming of Christ as Saviour and Mediator, with emphasis given to the obedience of the Son to the Father and the intercessory work of the Son.

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Arguments Supporting of the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 11)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the role of God the Father. The author discusses the way in which the Father was involved in the coming of Christ as Saviour and Mediator, with emphasis given to the wrath of the Father on the Son and the obedience of the Son to the Father.

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Arguments Supporting of the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 10)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the role of God the Father. The author discusses the way in which the Father was involved in the coming of Christ as Saviour and Mediator, with emphasis on the economy of the covenants - a covenant between the Father and Son.

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Arguments Supporting of the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 9)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the role of God the Father, discussing the way in which the Father was involved in the coming of Christ as Saviour and Mediator.

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Arguments Supporting of the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 8)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the role of God the Father, discussing the way in which the Father was involved in the coming of Christ as Saviour and Mediator.

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Arguments Supporting the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 7)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the role of God the Father, discussing the way in which the Father was involved in the coming of Christ as Saviour and Mediator.

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Arguments Supporting the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 6)

  • Semi-Technical
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the role of the Triune God in working out atonement. The focus of this article is on the role of God the Father.

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Arguments Supporting the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 5)

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  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the intended results of atonement; namely, sanctification and adoption.

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Arguments Supporting the Doctrine of Limited Atonement (Part 4)

  • Popular
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the intended results of the atonement; namely, reconciliation and justification.

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Arguments Supporting the Doctrine of Limited Atonement Part 3

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  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the intended result of the atonement; namely, it was intended for the renewal of the covenant, pointing to God's grace, mercy, forgiveness and justification.

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Arguments Supporting the Doctrine of Limited Atonement Part 2

  • Popular
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article focuses on the intended result of the atonement; namely, it was intended to satisfy God's wrath.

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Arguments Supporting the Doctrine of Limited Atonement

  • Popular
  • Ray McLaughlin

Looking at the doctrine of limited atonement, this article shows why atonement was needed in the case of man and God. The author also discusses the intended result of atonement, namely, salvation for sinners.

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Introduction to the Doctrine of Limited Atonement

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  • Ray McLaughlin

Defending the doctrine of limited atonement, this article gives the biblical ground for particular redemption and the arguments supporting it. Though Christ's atonement was sufficient for the whole human race, God chose to limit salvation to the elect.

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The Atonement

  • Basic
  • Chris Kavanagh

This article outlines the basics of the atonement.

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Substitution – or What?

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  • Ronald C. Christie

This article is about the substitution in atonement, Jesus Christ as the representative of believers, and the union with original sin.

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Numbers 5:5-8 – Cover Not with Sand but with Atoning Blood

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  • Ferdinand J. Bijzet

This article on Numbers 5:5-8 is about conflict in the church, confession of guilt and true reconciliation and atonement. The author also looks at restitution and compensation.

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Means of the Redemption through Declaration of Justice and Mercy of God in Christ Article 20: Belgic Confession

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  • Daniel R. Hyde

This article on Article 20 of the Belgic Confession focuses on the atonement and the justice and mercy of God. It shows the new relation of the sinner to God through Jesus Christ.

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Why the Message of the Reformation is Meaningless to Modern Men and Women

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  • John van Regenmorter

This article is about how the Bible looks at guilt and the need for atonement. It also looks at the opposite view in society today. There is almost no idea of shame anymore, and everything focuses on the needs of people.

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For God so Loved the World

  • Semi-Technical
  • R. Scott Clark

This article is about common grace and atonement. The author also looks at creation and providence, expiation and propitiation of atonement, and particular atonement.

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Obedient unto Death

  • Popular
  • Nicolas Needham

This article is about the atonement and the righteousness of Jesus Christ. The author also discusses the active and passive obedience of Jesus Christ, the second Adam, and the suffering of Jesus Christ.

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The Moral of the Story

  • Popular
  • R. C. Sproul Jr.

This article looks at the love people have for Jesus, but not for the real reason he came to earth. The author discusses Jesus Christ and our atonement, and the offence of the gospel.

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Someone is Praying for Us

  • Popular
  • A. N. Hendriks

This article is about Jesus Christ as priest and his work of intercession. The author looks at atonement and intercession, having access to the Father in our prayers, the perseverance of the believers, and praying in the Name of Jesus. The author also discusses John 16:26.

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Why Did God Become Man?: The Megashift Debate

  • Semi-Technical
  • Michael Horton

The question of Anselm, "Why did God become man?" is not answered in a uniform way by Evangelical Christians. There used to be more of a consensus, more so than there is today. What did the atonement actually accomplish? There are basically four views held by Protestants.

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Christ - Our Satisfaction

  • Popular
  • Jerome M. Julien

This is a basic article about Christ and our atonement with God.

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Particular Atonement - He Loved Me

  • Popular
  • Dennis J. Prutow

This article is about particular atonement and particular love.

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Atonement and Worship

  • Technical
  • Trevor A. Hart

What are we as Christians doing when we gather together to worship God? How does what we do in worship relate to what Jesus Christ did in making atonement for the sins of humankind? This article seeks to draw these two concepts - worship and atonement - together.

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The Justifying Judgement of God

  • Technical
  • Justyn Terry

Our contemporary preaching of the gospel message would be improved by making better use of the much neglected and misunderstood subject of divine judgment. The breadth of the biblical use of judgment is considered in this article and it is argued that judgment as a metaphor of atonement provides the wider context in which penal substitution should be understood. The metaphor of judgment can also be a means of coordinating disparate biblical images of the atonement.

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John Owen on the Spirit in the life of Christ

  • Semi-Technical
  • Sinclair B. Ferguson

This article looks at John Owen's view of the work of the Holy Spirit, specifically about the relation of the Holy Spirit to Jesus Christ. The author discusses the ministry of the Spirit in the incarnation of Christ, the ministry of Christ, the atonement of Christ and in the exaltation of Christ.

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Genuine Christian faith and life can exist only so long as it remains a daily appropriation of Christ. J. M. Reu
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