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Church history - North America

Our Fundamentalist Betters

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  • R. C. Sproul Jr.

This article evaluates the historical differences that emerged between the fundamentalists and the evangelicals in North American church history. The author notes that it was the uncompromising zeal of the fundamentalists that won them the position of being better able to guard the truths of the Christian faith.

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Machen’s God-Centered Vision

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  • John Piper

The author brings forth important lessons from the Christian life of J. Gresham Machen. The godly values identified in Machen's life include honesty, building Christian institutions to preserve the heritage of the gospel, and unashamed confrontations with the ungodly teachings of our age.

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Faithful Vigilance

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  • W. Robert Godfrey

The article looks at the history of the church in North America, especially the effect of liberalism on the church. In this analysis it focuses on the nature of reactions by conservatives. An observation is made that over time, the general membership of the church has not taken seriously the value of doctrinal confession.

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Holding the Line

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  • Darryl G. Hart

The article looks at the history of American Protestantism, especially from the 1920s to today. The main issue was how the churches coped with the influence of modernism (including Darwinianism).

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Ten Things You Should Know about the First Great Awakening – First Phase (1734-36)

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  • Sam Storms

What was the first Great Awakening all about? This article looks at the revival that God brought about in 1736, and explains ten things you should know about the first Great Awakening while also drawing lessons for the church today.

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A Tale of Two Hollands

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  • Susan Schoeman

This article looks at the role of Albertus Christiaan Van Raalte in the reformation of the church in Holland. It also shows the role he played in finding the New Holland.

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Sitting at Jesus’ Feet with Mary Winslow

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  • David H. Kranendonk

Godly people speak long after their deaths. This is no exception with Mary Winslow. The biography of this godly woman is heart-warming to read. It is filled with lessons for Christians today on how to walk with Christ even when things are hard in your life.

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What is NAPARC?

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  • Peter H. Holtvluwer

This article is about the function and work of the North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council (NAPARC). 

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Postmodernity, the Emergent Church, and the Reformation

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  • Jeffrey K. Jue

The Emergent Church arose out of a desire to meet the challenge of postmodernism. This article discusses the Emergent Church in light of church history.

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The Nameless One

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  • Carl R. Trueman

This article highlights some concerns around the new "young, restless and reformed" (YRR) movement.

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Jonathan Edwards

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  • Peter Hammond

This article is about the life and ministry of Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758).

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Ten Things You Should Know about the First Great Awakening – Second Phase (1740-42)

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  • Sam Storms

What was the first Great Awakening all about? This article looks at the revival that God brought about in 1740, and explains ten things you should know about the second phase of the first Great Awakening while also drawing lessons for the church today.

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Ten Things You Should Know about Jonathan Edwards

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  • Sam Storms

Who was Jonathan Edwards? What was his role in building the church of Christ? To answer these questions the article points out ten things you should know about him.

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David Brainerd: Preach for Holiness by Preaching the Gospel

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  • David E. Prince

This article discusses the 18th-century American preacher, David Brainerd, particularly what his goal was with Christ-centred preaching: the practice of morality.

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"A Flame of Pure and Holy Fire": The Life and Ministry of George Whitefield

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  • Michael A. G. Haykin

This article offers a biography of George Whitefield.

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Your Master Proclaim – A Tribute to John and Charles Wesley

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  • Merwin Van Doornik

This article tells the story of John and Charles Wesley, and reminds readers of some of the beautiful hymns Charles Wesley left.

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Louis Berkhof: Pillar of Faith in an Innovative Age

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  • Justin S. Holcomb

Who was Louis Berkhof? This article introduces Berkhof's life with a focus on his theological contribution and his legacy for the church today

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Ten Things You Should Know about B.B. Warfield

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  • Fred G. Zaspel

This article raises ten important points about the person and work of 19th century Reformed theologian B.B. Warfield.

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Ten Things You Should Know about Jonathan Edwards

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  • Jeremy M. Kimble

This article offers ten points of interest on the person and work of Jonathan Edwards.

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The Reformer of 1924: Doctor of the Covenant

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  • David J. Engelsma

This article is a biography on Herman Hoeksema, with a focus on his preaching ministry.

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The Unbreakable Bond of Training and Tenderness (Christian Men and Their Godly Moms)

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  • Tim Challies

The role of a godly mother in shaping a godly man is one that cannot be ignored. This article looks at the life of Mary Machen, mother to J. Gresham Machen.

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The Power of a Mother's Devotion (Christian Men and Their Godly Moms)

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  • Tim Challies

The role of a godly mother in shaping the life of a godly man cannot be undermined. This article explains such a role by looking at the life of Mary Hodge, mother of Charles Hodge.

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John L. Girardeau – Minister to the Slaves of South Carolina

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  • Sally Davey

This article is about the life and legacy of John L. Girardeau (b. 1825).

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“Rescue the Perishing…” The Life and Songs of Fanny Crosby

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  • Sally Davey

This article is about the life of Fanny Crosby (born in 1820 in the United States).

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Elisabeth Elliot – No-nonsense Commitment

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  • Sally Davey

This article is about the life and ministry of Elisabeth Elliott. She lived in the United States in the 20th century.

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An Age of Strive and Division The Presbyterian and Reformed Experience in 20th-Century America

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  • Joel R. Beeke, Ray B. Lanning

This article gives a short overview of the Presbyterian and Reformed churches in America in the 20th century.

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Servant and Scholar

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  • Russell Pulliam

This is a short biographical account of the life of reformed theologian Benjanim B. Warfield and his commitment to defending the faith.

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The "Readers Digest" Van Til

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  • John Campbell

This article is a short summary of the apologetic work and theology of Cornelis van Til.

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Dabney: Prince Among Theologians and Men

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  • Henry M. Woods

This article looks at the life and ministry of Robert L Dabney. 

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In Memoriam: William Hendriksen

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  • Louis Kerkstra, Geraldine Kerkstra

This article is about the life and work of William Hendriksen. 

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Jonathan Edwards: A Brief, Storied Life

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  • Jeffrey Waddington

This article is a biography of Jonathan Edwards, looking at his early life and ministry.

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The Great Awakening: 18th Century

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  • Jack L. Arnold

This article on church history gives the account of the revival movement in America, which was known as the Great Awakening. Focus is given to the revivalism under the preaching of Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. The author also evaluates the impact of revivalism on God's church.

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The Church in America: 17th century

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  • Jack L. Arnold

This article looks at the beginnings of the Protestant churches in America. A discussion on the introduction of the Episcopal Church, the Pilgrims, and the Puritans forms the core of this article. Focus is given to the impact of Puritanism on the view on state and church, as well as on education.

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Thomas ('Stonewall') Jackson: saint, servant, soldier

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  • Mack Tomlinson

This article is about the life and legacy of Thomas Jackson (1824-1863).

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A Kneeling Theologian - The Life and Legacy of Charles Hodge

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  • Iain D. Campbell

This article is about the life and legacy of Charles Hodge.

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The Odyssey of Jonathan Edwards

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  • James T. Dennison Jr.

This article is about Jonathan Edwards.

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Princeton Seminary (1812-1868)

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  • Maurice Roberts

This article is about the early years of Princeton Theological Seminary (1812-1868).

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Adoniram Judson: A ‘Free Thinker’ Converted

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  • Maurice Roberts

his article is about the conversion of Adoniram Judson.

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J. Gresham Machen and the Cost of Faithfulness

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  • Darryl G. Hart

This article is about the life and legacy of J. Gresham Machen, one of the 20th centuries most capable defenders of Protestantism against the growing tide of liberalism.

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J. Gresham Machen and the Reformation of the Church

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  • Darryl G. Hart

This article is about J. Gresham Machen's trial under the Northern Presbyterian Church and the founding of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

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Jonathan Edwards (1703-58)

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  • William MacLeod

This article gives a biography of Jonathan Edwards and his works, with a look at the controversies he was engaged in and addressed.

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The False Teachers: Harry Emerson Fosdick

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  • Tim Challies

Liberalism questions the nature of the Bible and denies its inerrancy, infallibility, and authority. Liberalism denies that the Bible is the Word of God and insists instead that it contains the Word of God. This is a false teaching. This article looks at one of the promoters of this teaching, Emerson Fosdick.

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The False Teachers: Norman Vincent Peale

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  • Tim Challies

Our thoughts can change our lives, health, and destiny—this is the message of positive thinking, and is a false teaching. The article discusses Norman Vincent Peale, the promoter of the power of positive thinking.

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What Machen Meant

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  • Brian L. De Jong

This article explains what J. Gresham Machen meant when he said shortly before his death, "Thankful for the active obedience of Christ. No hope without it."

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Our Image of Warfield Must Go

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  • Stanley W. Bamberg

This article wants to contribute to a better understanding of the historical context of B.B. Warfield, who was a very important Reformed theologian. His contribution to Old Princeton theology is put in the spotlight as the article gives a short biographical introduction to Warfield and his relevance for today's church.

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"The Sister of My Heart": Esther Edwards Burr on Faithful Friendship

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  • Brian G. Najapfour

Giving a short biography of Esther Edwards Burr, this article shares some insights in how she valued her friendship with Sarah Prince. Through this the article shows how Christians should think about and treat friendships.

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Elizabeth Prentiss: Comforter of the Sick and Sorrowing

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  • Sally Davey

This article is about Elizabeth Prentiss, living in the United States in the 19th century.

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A Passion for Truth

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  • R. Albert Mohler Jr.

This article provides some historical highlights of B.B. Warfield's contribution to the fight against liberalism and post-modernism.

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B.B. Warfield: Defender of the Faith

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  • R. C. Sproul

This is an article about the theologian B. B. Warfield, who was a specialist in apologetics.

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Our Reformed Heritage (4): A Renewed Promise and Hope

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  • Bob Burridge

This article is a biography on Geerhardus Vos. Special attention is given to his writings on biblical theology and the new covenant.

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The Legacy of Geerhardus Vos

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  • Danny E. Olinger

Geerhardus Vos' legacy can be celebrated with joy. His work still speaks for him today, but more especially, it speaks about the Christ he loved. This article looks at the work of Vos and the years he spent at Princeton. It also shares insights into his personal life.

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The Personal Side of Charles Hodge

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  • Alan D. Strange

The personal life of Charles Hodge was of a man faced with trials, tribulations and disappointments. This article discusses these trials, and the strength that carried Hodge through them.

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Faith and Learning: The Heritage of J. Gresham Machen

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  • Katherine VanDrunen

This article focuses on the heritage of J. Gresham Machen. The author focusses on his scholarly development from childhood to his death. Machen left the heritage of loving God's word and the Christ of the word.

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Van Til the Controversialist

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  • John R. Muether

This article is about Cornelius van Til the Controversialist. The nickname is based on an article that he published in 1976 entitled Calvin the Controversialist, which took on a subtle autobiographical character. Van Til developed and championed a presuppositional approach to the defense of the faith. He was consistent in affirming a Reformed doctrine of the church, and that, above all, is what rendered his work controversial.

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The Underlying (Doctrinal) Reasons for Separation

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  • Barrett L. Gritters

The struggle around the sacraments, Psalm singing, and church membership led to the formation of the Christian Reformed Church as members separated from the Reformed Church of America. This separation was based on doctrinal struggle.

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The Secession Of 1857: A Return to Psalm Singing

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  • Cory Griess

Tracing the singing of Psalms from the Reformation and the Church Order of Dordt, this article shows that the Secession of 1857 which led to the formation of the Christian Reformed Church was the result of a struggle for the worship of God through the songs He gave His church. It focused on a return to Psalm singing.

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An Interview With Dr William Hendriksen

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  • Iain H. Murray

This article is about the life and ministry of William Hendriksen (1900-1982). 

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Dr. Van Til at Ninety Old Guardian of a New Apologetics

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  • Paul C. H. Szto

This article is about the life and ministry of Cornelius van Til. 

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In Memoriam, James Montgomery Boice

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  • Rick Phillips

This article is a reflection on the life of James Montgomery Boice, with a focus on the way Boice sought to glorify Christ in his life and ministry.

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A History of Presbyterians in America

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  • Hunter Brewer

Tracing the history of Presbyterianism in America from the time of the Reformation under John Knox, this article shows how Presbyterian churches found their root in America. The author also discusses the controversies which led to different denominations within the Presbyterian Church.

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Defender Of The Faith: The Life Of John Gresham Machen (Part 2)

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  • Randy Oliver

This biography of John Gresham Machen focuses on Machen's battle against liberalism, or modernist theology, at Princeton - the battle which led to Westminster Seminary and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

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Defender Of The Faith: The Life Of John Gresham Machen (Part 1)

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  • Randy Oliver

This biography of John Gresham Machen focuses on his early life and work in Princeton, showing how from early age Machen had high esteem for God's Word and genuine love for Christ.

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Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield

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  • Geoff Thomas

This article is about the life and legacy of B.B. Warfield.

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Dr. Cornelius Van Til: The Centennial of His Birth

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  • Fred H. Klooster

This article provides a biography of Cornelius Van Til, well known for his efforts to develop a consistently Reformed apologetics.

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The Home-Call of Loraine Boettner

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  • Tony Mattia

This article is a short summary on the life of Loraine Boettner.

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Evangelicals and Catholics Together - A Movement of Watershed Significance?

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  • Iain H. Murray

This article is a discussion of the document "Evangelicals and Catholics together."

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Man-Made Revivals Charles Finney hoped to usher in Christ’s millennium in three years

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  • Peter Barnes

This article is a biography on Charles Finney. It looks at his theology, and the impact it had on the practice of his ministry.

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Adding to the Church during the Early American Period

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  • Richard Bauckham

This article is a historical study of how the New England church in America dealt with issues like the determining of membership after a person or persons came forward as converts. There were a set of rules and procedures that had to be laid down at that time to determine whether one was genuinely a member of Christ's body or not.

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The Disturbing Legacy of Charles Finney

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  • Michael Horton

Charles Finney can be known as the father of altar call. This article examines Finney's views of salvation and shows how his view of man's nature and salvation distorts the biblical view.

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Infallible Compassions

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  • Bob Burridge

This article is a short biography of Thomas Chisholm (1866-1960), the author of the hymn Great Is Thy Faithfulness.

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The Rising Sun of Righteousness

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  • Bob Burridge

This article is a biography of Archibald Alexander.

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Our Reformed Heritage (2): Triumphantly Intolerant

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  • Bob Burridge

This article is a biography of J. Gresham Machen and the role he played in standing against liberalism. The article also discusses biblical tolerance and intolerance.

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Confessions and Catechism Preaching in the Reformation of 1857

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  • Rodney Kleyn

The confessions and the catechism have an important place in the church. Neglecting and changing some of the confessions resulted in the formation of the Christian Reformed Church as members separated from the Reformed Church of America.

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The Lodge - "This Foreign Plant Upon Holy Soil"

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  • Ronald L. Cammenga

One of the battles which resulted in the formation of the Christian Reformed Church was that members of Freemasons where allowed to be church members of the Reformed Church of America. This led to members separating from this church and forming the Christian Reformed Church.

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The Sacraments Matter

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  • Heath Bleyenberg

The sacraments are an important part of church worship. A failure to guard the Lord's Supper table and to celebrate the sacraments in a biblical way led to the formation of the Christian Reformed Church, when she seceded from Reformed Church of America in 1857.

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From Secession To Union To Secession: The Birth Of The Christian Reformed Church

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  • Andy Lanning

This article paints a historical overview of the birth of the Christian Reformed Church, covering the persecution in the Netherlands, the migration to America, and the separation from the Reformed Church of America.

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Peace Like a River

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  • Donald S. Fortner

This article discusses the historical context of the hymn It is Well with my Soul, by Horatio Spafford.

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Revival

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  • Unknown

This article examines the revival of 1857 in America which flowed to Britain, showing that revival often occurs in times of difficulty. Times of distress can have a positive results, since men may turn to God as their only hope.

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J. Gresham Machen and the Controversy Over Presbyterian Foreign Missions

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  • Darryl G. Hart

This article is about J. Gresham Machen and his struggle with the Presbyterian church concerning foreign missions in the 1920s.

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A Review of James DeJong's Book on H. J. Kuiper Shaping the Christian Reformed Church, 1907-1962

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  • Cornelis P. Venema

This review article looks at the life and legacy of H.J. Kuiper.

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Clement Read Vaughan – A Southern Presbyterian Saint

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  • Tom Sullivan

This article is about the life and ministry of Clement Vaughan, and his friendship with Robert Dabney.

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Robert L. Dabney Remembered 100 Years after His Death

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  • David M. vanDrunen

This article is about the Southern Presbyterian theologian Robert L. Dabney, his life, theology, and ideas.

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Some Reflections on Charles Hodge, 200 Years after His Birth

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  • David M. vanDrunen

This article is about the life and theology of Charles Hodge. In many ways, Hodge was a champion of traditional Calvinism.

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The First Thanksgiving: A Historical Introduction

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  • William Boekestein

This article gives a historical overview of the Christians who fled persecution in England to settle in America. It narrates the reasons for their first celebration of their thanksgiving and draws lessons from these pilgrims for the church today.

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Revival, Enlightenment, Civic Humanism, and the Development of Dogma: Scotland and America, 1735-1843

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  • Mark A. Noll

This essay examines the contrast in Scottish and American church history from the 1730s to the 1840s, and focuses on the difference in theological development. The author argues that the study of the relationship between formal religious thought and its social, political, and intellectual contexts shows why theology developed differently in the two regions during this period.

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The Spirituality of the Church: Segregation, The Presbyterian Journal, and the Origins of the Presbyterian Church in America, 1942-1973

  • Semi-Technical
  • Kenneth Taylor

The focus of the article is mainly a historical analysis of the happenings in the Presbyterian Church of America and the Presbyterian Church in the United States, mainly with regard to their views on moral issues such as racism.

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The Fourth Great Awakening or Apostasy: Is American Evangelicalism Cycling Upwards or Spiraling Downwards?

  • Semi-Technical
  • John B. Carpenter

In this article, Carpenter critically interacts with Robert W. Fogel who worked with the paradigm that cycles of ethical challenges in America were provoked by technological innovations that created moral crises. Fogel believes that these crises are resolved by evangelical awakenings.

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Presbyterian Family Connections, 1706 - Present

  • Popular
  • Joseph Holland

This article gives an overview of the history and development of Presbyterianism in America.

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The Theology of B. B. Warfield – Historical Context

  • Semi-Technical
  • Fred G. Zaspel

B. B. Warfield is widely recognized as one of the leading Reformed theologians of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter considers his historical and church-historical context. His involvement with Princeton Seminary receives attention.

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Quo Vadis, Evangelicalism?

  • Semi-Technical
  • Andreas J. Köstenberger

In the Introduction Köstenberger wants to challenge Evangelicalism on the direction it needs to take on the doctrine of Scripture. He reviews some of the presidential speeches of the Evangelical Theological Society to give an overview of the views held in the past by the movement and theological society.

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William Cowper: God Moves in a Mysterious Way

  • Basic
  • Sally Davey

This article is a biography of William Cowper. Focus is given to his hymns and how they benefited the spread of the gospel. His well-known hymn is "God Moves in a Mysterious Way."

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Machen, the OPC and American Culture: A Personal Interpretation

  • Semi-Technical
  • Charles G. Dennison

This article is about J Gresham Machen and the beginnings of the Orthodox Presbyterian church.

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The Significance of Cornelius van Til

  • Semi-Technical
  • Robert D. Knudsen

This article looks at the legacy of Cornelius van Til.

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A Discussion on Justification

  • Semi-Technical
  • W. Robert Godfrey

This article spells out the author's concerns with the document 'Evangelicals and Catholics together', especially with regards to justification.

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The Theology of B. B. Warfield – A Brief and Untechnical Statement of the Reformed Faith

  • Semi-Technical
  • Fred G. Zaspel

The appendix is a confession of faith drawn up by B. B. Warfield as a summary of the Reformed Faith.

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The Fundamentals - Classics Revisited

  • Semi-Technical
  • Alister E. McGrath

This is a review of the work The Fundamentals, which is a collection of essays defending the basic ideas of the Christian faith.

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Jonathan Edwards' Account of How He Came to Love God's Sovereignty

  • Semi-Technical
  • Joel R. Beeke

Jonathan Edwards did not came to love the sovereignty of God effortlessly. This is an article that describes this journey in his life.

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Jonathan Edwards and the Deists

  • Technical
  • John Carrick

This article is about Jonathan Edwards' confrontation with deists and his stance on deism.

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“Ethnic Glue and a Three Legged Stool: The Chicago Experience”

  • Popular
  • Robert P. Swierenga

This article is about the Reformed church in America from 1853-2000 in Chicago and the Christian Reformed church from 1867-2000 in Chicago.

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Assurance enables a child of God to feel that the great business of life is a settled business, the great debt a paid debt, the great disease a healed disease and the great work a finished work. J. C. Ryle
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