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Church history - Europe

Fellowship with God – Our Highest Privilege

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  • Ian Hamilton

What does your fellowship with God look like? Intermittent, lukewarm, and man-centred? This article offers a brief reflection on John Owen's emphasis on God-centred communion.

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The 110th Anniversary of the Death of Spurgeon

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  • John Piper

This article discusses seven characteristics of Charles Spurgeon that are enlightening for preachers who are called to preach through times of adversity.

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Learning from the Life of Dr. Klaas Schilder (Part 4)

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  • Geoff Thomas

This article is the last of a four-part series on the life of Klaas Schilder. It offers some critical remarks on the theologian.

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Learning from the Life of Dr. Klaas Schilder (Part 3)

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  • Geoff Thomas

This article is the third of a four-part series on the life of Klaas Schilder. It recounts his involvement in the Liberation and its aftermath, as well as his ongoing work as professor and editor, and then it begins an assessment of Schilder's contributions, also to the field of biblical theology.

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Learning from the Life of Dr. Klaas Schilder (Part 2)

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  • Geoff Thomas

This article is the second of a four-part series on the life and legacy of the Dutch theologian, Klaas Schilder. It offers a critique of Abraham Kuyper, and then continues with Schilder's life, particularly as a professor, writer, and editor for De Reformatie, and active opponent of Nazism.

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Learning from the Life of Dr. Klaas Schilder (Part 1)

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  • Geoff Thomas

This article is the first of a four-part series on the life and legacy of the Dutch theologian, Klaas Schilder, particularly his historical context (including Abraham Kuyper), his early life, and preaching ministry.

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Thoughts on Prayer from Charles Spurgeon

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  • Don Haddleton

This article gives some reflections of Charles Spurgeon on prayer.

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John Wesley's Concept of Sin

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  • Leo G. Cox

John Wesley's doctrine of Christian perfection makes it necessary for him to make clear how he understands the doctrine of sin. He had a specific view of holiness. In this paper the author's intention is to clarify Wesley's concept of sin.

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Continuity and Discontinuity in Post-Reformation Reformed Theology; An Evaluation of the Muller Thesis

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  • Martin I. Clauber

What is the relationship between the theology of the Reformation and Post-Reformation Reformed Theology? Did the scholastic methodology of the post-Reformation period change the content of the Reformation theology? Richard Muller argues that they are in essential agreement. The agreement lies primarily in the christological focus.

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When Men Think More of Themselves Than They Ought

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  • Bernard J. Woudenberg

By looking at the relationship between Klaas Schilder and Herman Hoeksema, this article gives a historical overview of what led to the separation between the Protestant Reformed Churches and the Liberated Reformed Churches.

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Groen Van Prinsterer: Dutch Statesman and Christian

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  • Pieter de Vries

This is a biography of Groen Van Prinsterer and the role he played in the shaping of Dutch politics. In this article he is called the father of Christian Political parties.

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The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685

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  • A. R. Kayayan

The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was a very important moment for French Protestantism. 

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Francis A. Schaeffer (1912-1984)

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  • Peter Y. De Jong

This article describes the life and work of Francis A. Schaeffer.

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Charles Haddon Spurgeon: A Witness For Today

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  • Iain H. Murray

This article is about the life and ministry of Charles Haddon Spurgeon. The author discusses his preaching and the focus of his ministry.

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Richard Baxter and His Gospel

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  • Maurice Roberts

This article is about the life and ministry of Richard Baxter. 

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The French Synods of the Desert

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  • Henry M. Baird

The year 1685 is known in France for the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. This article on church history is about the suffering of the French Protestants in this time, the work of Antoine Court, and the Synods of the Desert. 

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The French Synods of the Desert

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  • Henry M. Baird

The year 1685 is known in France for the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. This article is about the suffering of the French Protestants in this time, the work of Antoine Court, and the Synods of the Desert.

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William Carey: Climbing the Rainbow

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  • Iain H. Murray

This article is about the faith of William Carey in his mission work, the difficulties he had as a young Christian, and the difficulties he experienced in India.

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Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Disciple, Martyr (1906-1945)

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  • Frederika G. Oosterhoff

This article is about the life and death of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945). It looks at his youth and schooling, his road to resistance, his imprisonment and his death.

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Jean Claude (1619-1687) Pastor of the Huguenots

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  • J. Wesley White

This article is about Jean Claude (1619-1687), a pastor to the Hugenots.

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The Influence of Thomas Boston of Ettrick

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  • Ronald Mackenzie

This article is about the life and ministry of Thomas Boston.

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Elizabeth Duchess of Gordon

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  • H. J. T. Woods

This article considers the life of Elizabeth, Duchess of Gordon, who lived in the 19th century in England, and was a member of the Free Church.

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The Inspiring Ministry of George Whitefield

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  • John I. Murray

This article is about the life and ministry of George Whitefield.

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Kuyper and Politics

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  • W. Robert Godfrey

This article draws out Abraham Kuyper's perspective on politics, government, and the relationship between church and state.

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Rev. H. De Cock and the Secession

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  • C. Vogelaar

This article gives a biographical overview of Hendrick De Cock, with a focus on the role he played in the Secession of 1834 in the Netherlands.

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John Bunyan, Joy, and Suffering

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  • Joe Leinen

This article highlights the story of John Bunyan, how he came to experience joy in his sufferings for the gospel.

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Robert Murray M’Cheyne

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  • Leona den Hollander

This article is about the life of Robert Murray M’Cheyne.

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Who Is John Bunyan?

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  • Justin S. Holcomb

Who is John Bunyan? This article answers this question by looking at the times of Bunyan's life, as well as his life, works, and place in church history.

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Herman Bavinck: Vast Learning, Ageless Wisdom

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  • Justin S. Holcomb

Who was Herman Bavinck? This article introduces Bavinck's life with a focus on his theological contribution and his legacy for the church today

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Abraham Kuyper: Hero to a Nation

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  • Justin S. Holcomb

Who was Abraham Kuyper? This article surveys his life, with a focus on his key theological themes as well as his legacy for the church today.

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William The Silent: Father of the Netherlands

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  • Herman C. Hanko

This article is a biography of William of Orange. Focus is given to his role in fighting for Calvinism in the Low Lands in the Netherlands.

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Herman Bavinck: The Man and the Mind

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  • John Bolt

This article considers Herman Bavinck and his understanding of the Christian life. What lay at the heart of his understanding was the imitation of Christ. His life and writings reveal this, as the article demonstrates.

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The Doleantie

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  • Ronald L. Cammenga

Those who left the Hervormde Kerk in 1886 did so out of great grief. Thus, their separation became known as the Doleantie. This article sketches the picture of this separation and the role which Abraham Kuyper played in it.

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Abraham Kuyper: A Short Biography

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  • Herman C. Hanko

Who was Abraham Kuyper? This article gives a biography of the man.

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Bonhoeffer – A Reliable Guide?

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  • William MacLeod

Is the theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer orthodox? This article offers some cautionary remarks.

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The Life of George Whitefield

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  • Digby L. James

This article is a biography of the life of George Whitefield.

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John Bunyan: Author of Pilgrim's Progress

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  • Herman C. Hanko

This article is a biography of John Bunyan, with a focus on his ministry and the impact of Pilgrim’s Progress.

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A Model of Determination

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  • Tim Challies

William Wilberforce should serve as a model of determination. He shows us what it means to persevere for God's work.

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The Power of a Pleading Mother (Christian Men and Their Godly Moms)

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  • Tim Challies

It will be unfair to talk about the greatness of Charles Spurgeon without talking about his mother, Eliza Spurgeon. This article pays a visits to this godly woman to show the influence that shaped Spurgeon.

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The Arminian Controversy and the Synod of Dort

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  • Sarah Vandergugten

This article discusses the situation of the churches in the Netherlands from about 1560 onward. It looks at the life and teachings of Arminius, the path leading to the Synod of Dort (1618-19), and the decisions of the Synod of Dort.

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The Puritans: Can They Teach Us Anything Today?

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  • Sinclair B. Ferguson

Four lessons can be learned from the Puritans: the true practice of spiritual brotherhood, the clear preaching of God’s Word, theology that honours the triune God, and the place of the church in the purposes of Christ.

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The Sure Source of Spurgeon's Success

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  • Jonathan Watson

While agreeing that Charles Spurgeon was a talented and gifted person, this article shows that the success of Spurgeon is found in his dependence on God, and his belief that without the Holy Spirit nothing happens. This dependence is reflected in a prayerful life.

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12 Lessons from the Life of Edwards

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  • William MacLeod

After looking at the life of Jonathan Edwards, this article gives twelve lessons we may learn from his life.

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Faith and Life in All Its Dimensions The Augustinian Tradition of Abraham Kuyper and Klaas Schilder

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  • J. M. Batteau

Looking at Augustine and his work on the City Of God, this article shows how he presented the Christian faith as encompassing all of life. The author shows that this aspiration continued in the work of Abraham Kuyper and Klaas Schilder.

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Reformed Churches in the Netherlands An Historical Overview

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  • Karlo Janssen

This article looks at church history with the focus given to the history of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands.

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Staying Reformed with Bavinck

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  • Barend Kamphuis

From the life and work of Herman Bavinck, Christians can learn the courage to be Reformed, stand by the confessions and make them relevant for today, have a desire for the catholicity of the church, and seek to spread the gospel to all. Let this article explain these things.

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How God Uses a Family and a Home A Tribute to Edith Schaeffer (1914-2013)

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  • Sally Davey

This article is a biography of Edith Schaeffer. The author looks at her life with a special focus on how she displayed the character of a Christian wife, mother, and woman.

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Edith Schaeffer Her Home – A Place of Grace

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  • Sally Davey

This article looks at the work and ministry of Edith Schaeffer, the wife of Francis Schaeffer.

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Zachary Macaulay - Crumbling Foundations

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  • Faith Cook

This book is a biography of Zachary Macaulay, with a focus toward Macaulay's contribution to the abolition of slavery and the slave trade. This chapter gives a description of Macaulay's early life.

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Unity in Diversity: The Ecumenical Spirit of the Great Synod

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  • Russell J. Dykstra

In striving against the Remonstrants - the heirs of Arminian heresy - the synod that met in Dordrecht in 1618/19 was fighting for church unity. False doctrine divides the church. The synod understood that church unity can only be attained on the basis of the truth. This truth must be embraced and confessed by the true church.

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The Secession of 1834 and the Struggle for the Church Order of Dordt

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  • Ronald L. Cammenga

Not only did the Secession of 1834 involve a restoration of true church doctrine, but it also involved a restoration of biblical church government. Through the Secession, God led many churches to return to the Church Order of Dordt and biblical church polity.

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The Afscheiding and the Well-Meant Gospel Offer

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  • Herman C. Hanko

Does God desire to save everyone? Not all the leaders of the Secession of 1834 were in total agreement over this question. This question lies behind the teaching of the well-meant offer of the gospel. Looking at the historical development of this teaching, this article traces it back to some of the leaders of the Secession.

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A Brief History of the Afscheiding (3)

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  • Ronald H. Hanko

This article looks at the character of the Secession of 1834 and the lessons we can learn from this piece of history.

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A Brief History of the Afscheiding (2)

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  • Ronald H. Hanko

This article looks at Hendrik de Cock's leadership in the Secession of 1834 and the persecution of the seceders. The author also looks at the history of the years following the Secession.

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A Brief History of the Afscheiding (1)

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  • Ronald H. Hanko

This article discusses various factors which led up to the Secession of 1834 in the Netherlands. The Dutch Reformed Church became a state church and rejected the Church Order of Dordt and the binding authority of the creeds. The author also looks at the leading individuals involved in the Secession and their persecution.

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Why the Secession of 1834?

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  • Russell J. Dykstra

There is nothing so painful to Christians as witnessing the separation of Christ church. This author maintains, however, that sometimes separation is the way to obey Christ. This article looks at the influence of rationalism, biblical criticism and the church and state relationship in the Netherlands leading up to the Secession of 1834.

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Pietism and Subjective Christianity

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  • Gary E. Gilley

Pietism began as a reaction to highly intellectualized orthodoxy common in some churches in the decades following the Reformation. This article gives some reflections on its main leaders: Johann Arndt, Philip Jacob Spener, Auguste Hermann Francke, and Count Nicolaus Ludwig Von Zinzendorf. The author summarizes the teaching of pietism, showing that pietism moved from emphasizing the authority of scripture to emphasizing experience.

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Isaac Watts: The Man Behind the Hymns

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  • Mark S. Shuttleworth

This article is about the life and hymns of Isaac Watts (born 1674).

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John Angell James

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  • Peter Seccombe

This article is about the life and ministry of John Angell James. 

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Daniel Rowland of Llangeitho

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  • Horatius Bonar

This article is about the life and ministry of Daniel Rowland of Llangeitho. According to Bonar, Rowland stands next to Whitefield in apostolic might, faith and zeal. 

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John Charles Ryle

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This article is about the life and ministry of John Charles Ryle. 

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The Spiritual Life and Ministry of Charles Simeon

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  • Arthur Bennett

This article is about the spiritual life and ministry of Charles Simeon in England in the late 18th and early 19th century. 

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The Revival of 1859 in Scotland

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  • John D. Nicholls

This article looks at the characteristics of the awakening in Scotland in 1859. The topic of lay preaching is also discussed. 

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James Ussher - A Protestant Controversialist

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  • Alfonso Ropero

This article is about the life of James Ussher (1581-1656).

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The Unitas Fratrum: Religious Pioneers

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  • Russell Smith

Looking at the history of the Unitas Fratrum, or Moravians, this article shows how this movement began under the influence of Jan Hus and the leadership of Nicholas Louis von Zinzendorf. The Moravian movement left a great heritage for the church, especially in the areas of communal prayer and zeal for mission work.

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The Age of Rationalism

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  • Jack L. Arnold

The Protestant Reformation was a blessing to God's church, since it brought in freedom and liberty for the individual to read and interpret Scripture. However, many reactions to the Potestant Reformation also arose. This article on church history focuses on the rise of rationalism, as well as the teachings of John Wesley and Methodism.

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Reactions to Historic Protestantism During the Modern Era in Europe

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  • Jack L. Arnold

This article on church history discusses the reactions to the Protestant Reformation. Within the Roman Catholic Church the reaction was a counter-Reformation through the work of the Jesuits and the Council of Trent.

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Resistance Within the Third Reich

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  • R. Koat

This article is about the Third Reich (specifically 1933-1945) and the opposition of Christians to Nazi Germany.

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Thomas Boston: At the Borders of Glory

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  • J. R. De la Haye

This article is about the life, ministry, preaching and trials of Thomas Boston (1676-1732).

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The Men at Dordt

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  • Herman C. Hanko

This article is about a few men that were part of the Synod of Dordt (1618-19): Jacob Arminius, Jan Uytenbogaert, Simon Episcopius, Pieter Plancius, Francis Gomarus and Johannes Bogerman.

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'Generally Speaking'

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  • Christine Farenhorst

This article looks at William Booth and the Salvation Army. Social justice is also discussed.

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George Whitefield's Last Sermon

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  • Peter Brumby

This article is about George Whitefield's last sermon and death.

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Abraham Kuyper: Dutch Calvinist

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  • Herman C. Hanko

There are special times when God raises men of such outstanding ability and conviction that their work leaves an indelible mark on subsequent history. This article is about Abraham Kuyper. The author discusses his early life, Kuyper as writer and journalist, as church reformer, as theologian and as politician.

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Stewart of Cromarty

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  • Hugh M. Cartwright

This article is about the life of Alexander Stewart of Cromarty (1794-1847). The author also discusses his preaching.

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William Huntington

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  • Iain H. Murray

This article is about William Huntington, born in Kent in 1745 and died in 1813.

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The Second Reformation in The Netherlands

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  • Cornelis Pronk

This article is about the Dutch Puritans and the Second Reformation in the Netherlands. The author talks about William Annes, Willem Teellinck, Gijsbertus Voetius, and Herman Witsius.

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Liberation 1944

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  • Clarence Bouwman

This article is about the Liberation in the Netherlands in 1944 from which the Gereformeerde kerken in Nederland (vrijgemaakt) originated.

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Franciscus Gomarus: Stubborn champion of God's glory

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  • Herman C. Hanko

Franciscus Gomarus (born in 1563 in Belgium) was an important theologian at the well-known synod of Dort (1618/19).

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Lessons from the Secession of 1733

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  • John R. McIntosh

This article is about the Secession of 1733 in Scotland, and the life and work of Ebenezer Erskine.

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K Schilder: December 19, 1890 - March 23, 1952

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  • Jochem Douma

This article is about Klaas Schilder and the Reformed churches in the Netherlands between 1930 and 1950.

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Herman Bavinck: A Sketch of His Life

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  • Cornelis P. Venema

This article is an overview of the life and legacy of Herman Bavinck.

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150th Anniversary of the General Assembly in Ireland

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  • John W. Lockington

This article is about the union that became the Presbyterian Church in Ireland.

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J. H. Merle D'Aubigne

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  • John Carrick

This article is about J.H. Merle D'Aubigne and his work in church history and historiography.

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The German who Opposed Hitler

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  • Richard Aasman

This article is about Dietrich Bonhoeffer's opposition against Hitler.

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Daniel Rowland (1711-1790)

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  • Robert Oliver

This article is about the life and ministry of Daniel Rowland (1711-1790).

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'Lutherisch Ist Gut Sterben'

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  • Don Haddleton

'It is good to die Lutheran-like'. This article is about the conversion of Roman Catholic priest Martin Boos.

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Antonius Walaeus October 3, 1573 – July 9, 1639

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  • Karel Deddens

This article is about the life and legacy of Antonius Walaeus in The Netherlands.

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John Harper: An Unknown Hero of the Titanic

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  • Barbara Cross

This article is about the actions of John Harper at the time of the sinking of the Titanic.

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Henry Rees: 'Best Preacher Ever'?

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  • Gwyn Davies

This article is about the views and ministry of Henry Rees of Wales (died 1896).

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1834 and 2004

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  • Wybren H. Oord

This article is about the Secession of 1834 and the truth behind this reformation of the church.

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Robert S. Candlish

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  • Angus J. Howat

This article provides a biography of Robert S. Candlish, a minister in the Free Church of Scotland in the 19th century.

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Samuel Rutherford: Westminster Divine (Part 2)

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  • Herman C. Hanko
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The Union of 1892 What can We Learn from it Today?

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  • Klaas Stam
This article is about the remembrance of the unification of Reformed Churches from the First Secession (1834) and the Second Secession (1886). On June 17, 1892, the Synods of these two federations gathered in one, united session to form the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands.
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Samuel Rutherford: Westminster Divine (Part 1)

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  • Herman C. Hanko

These articles are about Samuel Rutherford (born about 1600 A.D. in Scotland), one of the men who was part of the Westminster Assembly.

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Dr John Erskine : A Voice for Today?

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  • John R. McIntosh

This article is about the life and person of John Erskine, and also focuses on his view of understanding in faith and assurance of faith.

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William Wilberforce

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  • Jonathan Gulliford

This article is about William Wilberforce and his work to stop the slave trade and slavery.

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Alexander Thomson 1798-1868

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  • J. R. MacDonald

This articlce offers a biography of Alexander Thomson, who lived in the 19th century, identified with the formation of the Free Church of Scotland

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Gijsbert Voetius: Defender of Orthodoxy

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  • Herman C. Hanko

Gijsbert Voetius, born in 1588 AD in the Netherlands, was a defender of the orthodox reformed faith after the Synod of Dort (1618/19).

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Herman Bavinck's Life and Theology

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  • Cornelis P. Venema

This article is about the life and legacy of Herman Bavinck (1854-1921).

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James McInnes (Clachan, Kintyre)

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  • J. M. MacPherson

This biography of James McInnes is shared to demonstrate how God works salvation even in pain for a seven-year-old boy. The article demonstrates the fundamental role of biblical parenting and prayer.

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Many pray with their lips for that which their hearts have no desire Jonathan Edwards
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