There are a number of instances in the Old Testament where "elohim" (“God, god”) is accurately translated by the plural (“gods”). Some instances are used of an Israelite divine assembly or divine council under the authority of Yahweh (Psalm 82:1). This raises the question whether the divine plural in the Old Testament is a demonstration of an evolution in the religion of Israel from polytheism to monotheism.

How is Deuteronomy 32 used in Hebrews 10:30? This article is an argument for the translation "vindicate" rather than "judge" in Hebrews 10:30. The context of Deuteronomy 32 is explored in greater detail, followed by a detailed look at the situation of the letter to the Hebrews. Finally, the article looks at how the translation "vindicate" contributes to the exegesis of Hebrews 10.

Deuteronomy 32:9-10 and Zechariah 2:8 are texts which speak of God's love and care for His church, and the way salvation flows from His love.