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Human Tails

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  • Aaldert Mennega

Do humans have a tail? This article looks at the development of the human embryo and evolutionary theory.

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  • Old Testament
    • OT Introduction (General)
      • Pentateuch (General)
      • Historical Books (General)
      • Wisdom Literature (General)
      • Prophetic Books (General)
      • Minor Prophets
    • OT History of redemption
      • Creation to Babel
      • Time of the Patriarchs
      • Exodus as event
      • Conquest and Occupation of the Promised Land
      • The Kingship
      • Exile as event
      • Restoration and Hope
    • OT Themes
      • The nations
      • Temple and Tabernacle
      • Exile
      • Holy War
    • Geography
    • OT Maps
      • General
      • Pre-Flood (up to 2200 BC)
      • Patriarchs (2200-1500 BC)
      • Exodus (1550-1200 BC)
      • Canaan; Conquest and Judges (1200-1000 BC)
      • Samuel, Saul, David and Solomon (1020-922 BC)
      • Divided Kingdoms (922-721 BC)
      • The Exile (721-539 BC)
      • Assyria, Babylonia and Persia (800-300 BC)
      • Seleucids (400- BC)
      • Intertestamental Period (200-5 BC)
    • OT and ancient Near East
    • Intertestamental period
    • Genesis
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      • Sermons on 2 Samuel
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      • Sermons on Ezra
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      • Sermons on Jeremiah
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      • Sermons on Daniel
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      • Sermons on Amos
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      • Sermons on Jonah
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    • Habakkuk
      • Sermons on Habakkuk
    • Haggai
      • Sermons on Haggai
    • Zechariah
    • Malachi
      • Sermons on Malachi
  • New Testament
    • NT Introductions (General)
      • Synoptic Gospels
      • Apostle John and his Writings
      • Apostle Paul and his Writings
      • Apostle Peter and his Writings
      • Luke and Acts as Unity
      • Epistles to the Jewish Christians
      • Historical Jesus
      • Eyewitnesses
      • Apostleship
    • NT History of redemption
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      • Sermons on Mark
    • Luke
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    • Romans
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      • Sermons on 2 Corinthians
    • 2 Corinthians
      • Sermons on 2 Corinthians
    • Galatians
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      • Sermons on Ephesians
    • Philippians
      • Sermons on Philippians
    • Colossians
      • Sermons on Colossians
    • 1 Thessalonians
      • Sermons on 1 Thessalonians
    • 2 Thessalonians
      • Sermons on 2 Thessalonians
    • 1 Timothy
    • 2 Timothy
    • Titus
    • Philemon
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    • James
      • Sermons on James
    • 1 Peter
    • 2 Peter
      • Sermons on 2 Peter
    • 1 John
    • 2 John
    • 3 John
    • Jude
      • Sermons on Jude
    • Revelation
      • Sermons on Revelation
  • Revelation & Scripture
    • Revelation of God
      • General Revelation of God
      • Special Revelation of God
    • Scripture
      • Scripture - General
      • Unity of Scripture
      • Inspiration and Authority of Scripture
      • Clarity of Scripture
      • Sufficiency of Scripture
      • Necessity and Purpose of Scripture
      • Scripture and the Testimony of the Spirit
      • Biblical criticism
    • Canon
      • Canon - General
      • Apocrypha Books
    • Bible translation
      • Principles for Bible translation
      • History of Bible translation
      • Different Bible translations
  • Interpretation & Hermeneutics
    • Process and Practice of Interpretation (General)
    • Interpretation (General)
    • Literary forms
    • Steps for Exegesis and Sermon making
    • Aids and Computer Aids for Exegesis
    • Biblicism
    • Historical Cultural Background
    • Interpreter
    • Relationship OT and NT
    • The Goal of Interpretation
    • The need for Interpretation and Hermeneutics
    • Christ-centered Interpretation
    • History of Interpretation
  • Doctrine of faith (What we believe)
    • Doctrine and truth
      • Nature of truth
      • Nature of doctrine
    • Doctrine of God
      • Trinity
      • Nature and being of God
      • Attributes of God - General
      • Love of God
      • Majesty and glory of God
      • Patience of God
      • Impartiality of God
      • Anger and wrath of God
      • Repentance of God
      • Sovereignty of God
      • Names and Titles of God
      • Presence and absence of God
    • Eternal decrees of God
      • Election
      • Reprobation
      • God's all-sovereign counsel
    • Creation and Providence
      • God as Father and Providence
      • Rule and Preservation of all things
      • Creation
      • Angels - General
      • Testing from God
      • Suffering - General
      • Suffering - as punishment
      • Suffering - as gift
      • Disasters
      • Blessing and Prosperity
      • God's goodness to all people (Common grace)
    • Man
      • Man - God (Nature of man)
      • Man as Image of God
      • Free will
      • Christian
    • Evil and Sin
      • Sin - General
      • Evil
      • Satan and demons
      • Origin of sin
      • Result of sin
      • Punishment for sin
      • Original sin and imputation of guilt
      • Evil enemies: Satan, self & world
      • Man of sin / Antichrist
      • Occultism
      • Demon possession and exorcism
    • Jesus Christ
      • Christ as Mediator
      • Person of Christ - General
      • Work of Christ - General
      • Work of Christ - Incarnation
      • Work of Christ - Life on earth & Suffering
      • Work of Christ - Crucifixion and burial
      • Work of Christ - Resurrection
      • Work of Christ - Ascension
      • Offices of Jesus - General
      • Offices of Jesus - Prophet
      • Offices of Jesus - Priest
      • Offices of Jesus - King
      • Jesus' Titles - General
      • Jesus' Titles - Son of God
      • Jesus' Titles - Son of man
      • Jesus' Titles - Messiah
      • Salvation (General)
      • Reconciliation and atonement - General
      • Reconciliation - God and man
      • Reconciliation - Man and man
      • Grace/Merit
    • Covenant
      • Covenant - General
      • Covenant in paradise
      • Covenant with Noah
      • Covenant with Abraham
      • Covenant at Sinai/Moses
      • Covenant with David
      • New Covenant
      • Aspects of the covenant - Promises
      • Aspects of the covenant - Conditions
      • Aspects of the covenant - Faithfulness
      • Aspects of the covenant - Covenant people
      • Covenant and Election
    • Israel
      • Israel (General)
      • Israel and church
      • Covenant and land
      • Israel and prophecy
      • Israel and Romans 9-11
      • Anti-Semitism
    • Order of salvation
      • Application of redemption
      • Calling
      • Regeneration
      • Faith (General)
      • Doubt and Assurance
      • Repentance (General)
      • Repentance - Sorrow
      • Justification (Right with God)
      • Adoption (in the family of God)
      • Sanctification (Grow in Christ)
      • Perseverance of the Believer (Remaining a Christian)
    • Holy Spirit
      • Person of the Holy Spirit
      • Work of the Holy Spirit
      • Holy Spirit in the Old Testament
      • Holy Spirit as Paraclete
      • Holy Spirit and Jesus Christ
      • Baptism with the Holy Spirit
      • Filled with the Holy Spirit
      • Sealed with the Holy Spirit
      • Gifts of the Holy Spirit (General)
      • Fruit of the Holy Spirit (General)
      • Gifts of the Holy Spirit - Speaking in tongues
      • The Unforgivable sin (Sin against the Holy Spirit)
      • Signs and miracles
    • Church
      • Church - General
      • Images for the church
      • Church and Jesus Christ
      • Attributes of the church - General
      • Attributes of the church - Unity
      • Attributes of the church - Holiness
      • Attributes of the church - Apostolic
      • Attributes of the church - Catholic/Universal
      • Marks of the church (Pure preaching, sacraments, discipline)
      • Functions of the church - General
      • Functions of the church - Believing
      • Functions of the church - Celebrating
      • Functions of the church - Teaching
      • Functions of the church - Witnessing
      • Functions of the church - Service and Charity
      • Church membership
      • Church fellowship
      • Church government
      • Church discipline
      • Church federation
      • Reformation of the church
    • Sacraments
      • Sacraments (General)
      • Circumcision and baptism
      • Passover and Lord's supper
    • Kingdom of God
    • Last things (Future)
      • Expectation and return of Christ
      • Dispensationalism
      • Life after death (Intermediate state)
      • Signs of the times
      • Death and Resurrection of the body
      • Final Judgment
      • New Heaven and New Earth & Hell
  • Creeds & Confessions
    • Authority and binding to the Confessions
    • Character of the Confessions
    • Apostolic Creed
    • Belgic Confession
      • General
      • Article 1
      • Article 2
      • Article 3
      • Article 4
      • Article 5
      • Article 6
      • Article 7
      • Article 8
      • Article 9
      • Article 10
      • Article 11
      • Article 12
      • Article 13
      • Article 14
      • Article 15
      • Article 16
      • Article 17
      • Article 18
      • Article 19
      • Article 20
      • Article 21
      • Article 22
      • Article 23
      • Article 24
      • Article 25
      • Article 26
      • Article 27
      • Article 28
      • Article 29
      • Article 30
      • Article 31
      • Article 32
      • Article 33
      • Article 34
      • Article 35
      • Article 36
      • Article 37
    • Westminster Confession
      • General
      • Chapter 1
      • Chapter 2
      • Chapter 3
      • Chapter 4
      • Chapter 5
      • Chapter 6
      • Chapter 7
      • Chapter 8
      • Chapter 9
      • Chapter 10
      • Chapter 11
      • Chapter 12
      • Chapter 13
      • Chapter 14
      • Chapter 15
      • Chapter 16
      • Chapter 17
      • Chapter 18
      • Chapter 19
      • Chapter 20
      • Chapter 21
      • Chapter 22
      • Chapter 23
      • Chapter 24
      • Chapter 25
      • Chapter 26
      • Chapter 27
      • Chapter 28
      • Chapter 29
      • Chapter 30
      • Chapter 31
      • Chapter 32
      • Chapter 33
    • Heidelberg Catechism
      • General
      • Lord's Day 1
      • Lord's Day 2
      • Lord's Day 3
      • Lord's Day 4
      • Lord's Day 5
      • Lord's Day 6
      • Lord's Day 7
      • Lord's Day 8
      • Lord's Day 9
      • Lord's Day 10
      • Lord's Day 11
      • Lord's Day 12
      • Lord's Day 13
      • Lord's Day 14
      • Lord's Day 15
      • Lord's Day 16
      • Lord's Day 17
      • Lord's Day 18
      • Lord's Day 19
      • Lord's Day 20
      • Lord's Day 21
      • Lord's Day 22
      • Lord's Day 23
      • Lord's Day 24
      • Lord's Day 25
      • Lord's Day 26
      • Lord's Day 27
      • Lord's Day 28
      • Lord's Day 29
      • Lord's Day 30
      • Lord's Day 31
      • Lord's Day 32
      • Lord's Day 33
      • Lord's Day 34
      • Lord's Day 35
      • Lord's Day 36
      • Lord's Day 37
      • Lord's Day 38
      • Lord's Day 39
      • Lord's Day 40
      • Lord's Day 41
      • Lord's Day 42
      • Lord's Day 43
      • Lord's Day 44
      • Lord's Day 45
      • Lord's Day 46
      • Lord's Day 47
      • Lord's Day 48
      • Lord's Day 49
      • Lord's Day 50
      • Lord's Day 51
      • Lord's Day 52
    • Canons of Dordt
      • General
      • Chapter 1
      • Chapter 2
      • Chapter 3/4
      • Chapter 5
    • Thirty Nine Articles of Religion
    • Different Confessions
    • Preaching of the Confessions
  • Doctrine of life - Ethical principles
    • Christ and the Christian life
    • Purpose of Christian life
    • Discovering the will of God - General
    • Use of Scripture in ethics
    • Seeking the kingdom of heaven
    • Christian freedom
    • Discipleship
    • Following and Imitation of Christ
    • Old Testament Ethics
    • Ten Commandments
      • Ten Commandments (General)
      • First commandment
      • Second commandment
      • Third commandment
      • Fourth commandment
      • Fifth commandment
      • Sixth commandment
      • Seventh commandment
      • Eight commandment
      • Ninth commandment
      • Tenth commandment
    • Law
      • Law (General)
      • Fulfillment of the Law
      • Law and Gospel
      • Legalism
      • Theonomy
    • Case Laws
    • Natural Law
    • Creation order
    • Sermon on the Mount and Ethics
    • Guidance of the Spirit
    • Identity of God's people
    • Love and hate
    • Common good
    • Authority
    • Position of the Christian in this world
    • Christian mind
    • Conviction and tolerance
    • Discernment
    • Christian lifestyle
    • Responsibility & Collective Responsibility
    • Compromise
    • Conflicting obligation
    • Conscience
    • Impartiality
    • Justice
    • Tradition and accomodation
    • Wisdom and prudence
    • Ethics of Christian Community
    • Submission
    • Indifferent things (Adiaphora)
    • Self-denial and Hedonism
    • Virtue
    • Temperance and Abstinence
    • Worldview
    • Vocation
    • Truth and lying
  • Doctrine of life - Ethical themes
    • Gender - Role of manhood and womanhood
    • Sexual Ethics
      • Sexual Ethics - General
      • Premarital Sex
      • Homosexuality
      • Sex Education
      • Lustfulness and Chastity
      • Pornography
    • Dating and Singleness
    • Marriage and Family
      • Marriage (General)
      • Family (General)
      • Adoption
      • Procreation and Family Planning
      • Adultery
      • Celibacy
      • Childhood
      • Adolescence
      • Young Adulthood (Twenties and Thirties)
      • Middle-Age (Forties and Fifties)
    • Divorce and remarriage
    • Education (General)
      • Christian education
      • Purpose of Education
      • Discipline
      • The child
      • Theories of Education
      • Child development
      • History of Christian Education
    • Parenting
    • Schooling
      • Teaching and Learning (General)
      • The Christian school
      • Home schooling
      • Teaching methods
      • The Curriculum and Evaluation
      • The Teacher
      • The School Board
      • Parents and the School
      • Church and the School
      • Place of Government in Education
    • Friendship
    • Hospitality
    • Economics
      • Economics (General)
      • Code of ethics for economists
      • Economic Theories
      • Development
      • Sustainability
      • Scarcity
      • Inequality
      • Income Distribution
    • Work & Employment
    • Business Ethics
      • Business Ethics (General)
      • Corporate Social Responsibility
      • Labour Standards
      • Minimum Wages
      • Prices
      • Trade Unions and Strikes
      • Wages and Salaries
    • Wealth & Poverty
      • Money and Possessions
      • Tithing
      • Generosity
      • Borrowing and Lending
      • Poverty
      • Consumerism
      • Gambling
      • Taxes
      • Prosperity gospel
    • Environmental Ethics
      • Environmental Ethics (General)
      • Energy and Energy Consumption
      • Global Warming
    • Public Ethics
      • Public Ethics (General)
      • Human Rights
      • Equality and Discrimination
      • Race and Racism
      • Nationalism and Patriotism
      • Judicial System
      • Capital Punishment
      • Crime and Punishment
      • Social welfare
      • Social gospel
    • Political Ethics
      • Government - Role and Responsibility
      • Democracy
      • Civil Disobedience and Revolution
      • State and Church Relationship
      • War and Peace
      • Terrorism
      • Pacifism
      • Genocide
      • Nuclear Weapons
      • Interrogation and Torture
      • Refugees and Genocide
      • Political involvement
    • Christ and Culture
    • Bioethics
      • Bioethics (General)
      • Genetic Engineering
      • Cloning
      • Reproductive Technologies
      • Prenatal Diagnosis
      • Contraception
      • Surrogate Father/Mother
    • Medical ethics
      • Medical Ethics (General)
      • Health
      • Illness
      • Disabilities
      • Health Care
      • Forgoing and Withdrawing Treatment
      • Organ Donation and Transplantation
      • Definition of Death
      • Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide and Letting Die
      • Abortion
      • Sterilization
      • Late Miscarriage & Stillbirth
      • Epidemics
    • Beauty and Arts (General)
    • Appearance
    • Visual Arts
    • Music
    • Drama and Cinema
    • Food and Food Consumption
    • Media and Censorship
    • Recreation and entertainment
    • Sabbath and Sunday
    • Speech and Communication
    • Sport
    • Time Consumption and Priorities
    • Other topics
  • Spirituality & Godliness
    • Fear of the Lord & Godliness
    • Spiritual exercises
    • Means of grace
    • Prayer
      • Prayer - General
      • Intercession
      • God answering prayers
      • Practice of prayer
      • Bodily posture in prayer
      • Private prayer
    • The Lord's Prayer
      • Lord's prayer - General
      • Beginning and Conclusion of Lord's prayer
      • First petition - Hallowed your Name
      • Second petition - Your Kingdom come
      • Third petition - Your will be done
      • Fourth petition - Give us today our daily bread
      • Fifth petition - Forgive us our debts
      • Sixth petition - And lead us not into temptation
    • Fasting
    • Meditation
    • Singing
    • Listening to sermons
    • Personal Devotions (General)
    • Reading of Spiritual Literature
    • Family worship
    • Preparation for home visitation
    • Christ and the new life
    • Personal relationship with God
    • Walking with God
    • Spiritual warfare & struggle against sin
      • Spiritual warfare (General)
      • Struggle against Temptation
      • Living with Hope
      • Desertion by God
      • Place of sin in the believer's life
      • Spiritual growth and backsliding
    • Sanctification of the whole life
    • Spirituality and experience
    • Gratitude
    • Different Fruit of the Holy Spirit
    • Blessedness
    • Different Fruit of the flesh
    • Heavenly mindedness
    • Joy in the Lord
    • History of Spirituality
  • Worship & Liturgy
    • Principles of Worship
      • Principles of Worship (General)
      • Worship as Communion with the Triune God
      • Worship as Communion with the People of God (General)
      • Worship as Gathering and Communion of the Local Church
      • Worship as Communion with Young and Old
      • Worship as Communion with the Church of all Ages and Places
    • Elements of the worship service
      • Liturgy - General
      • Call to worship and Salutation
      • Confessing of sin and assurance of pardon
      • Praise in music and song (General)
      • Public Prayer
      • Scripture reading
      • Preaching (place in worship service)
      • Gifts and offerings
      • Corporate confession of faith
      • The Amen
      • Sacraments in the worship service
      • Benediction
    • Different Liturgies
    • Church music
      • Character and principles of church music
      • Musical instruments
      • Musicians
      • Psalms as songs
      • Hymns
      • Church choir
      • History of church music
    • Liturgical year
      • Liturgical year (General)
      • Christmas
      • Good Friday
      • Easter Sunday
      • Ascension Day
      • Pentecost
    • Church architecture
  • Church Leadership and Offices
    • Church leadership (General)
    • Offices - General
    • Pastor/Preacher - General
    • Pastor/Preacher - Qualifications
    • Pastor/Preacher - Task
    • Pastor and his wife and family
    • Theological Training
    • Elder - General
    • Elder - Qualifications
    • Elder - Task
    • Deacon - General
    • Deacon - Qualifications
    • Deacon - Task
  • Preaching
    • Principles of Preaching
    • Preaching (General)
      • Preaching, election and the free offer of the gospel
    • Purpose and Function of Preaching
    • Types of Preaching
    • Preaching Method and Sermon Preparation Process
    • Sermon Evaluation
    • History of Preaching
    • Preaching style and delivery
    • Steps for making a sermon
  • Pastoral care
    • Principles of Pastorate
    • House Visitation
    • Confidentiality
    • Psychology
    • Care in Abuse and Neglect
      • Spiritual Abuse
      • Abuse - General
      • Sexual Abuse - General
      • Child Sexual Abuse
      • Clergy Sexual Abuse
      • Spousal Abuse
      • Elder Abuse
      • Emotional and Verbal Abuse
      • Ministry to Abusers
    • Care in Addictions
    • Care in Conflict and Bad Relations
    • Care in Depression
    • Care in Self-Esteem and Inferiority
    • Care in Anger
    • Care in Anxiety
    • Care in Crisis
    • Care in Psychological illnesses
    • Care in Autism
    • Care in Loneliness
    • Care in Aging
    • Care in the Dying Process
    • Care in Grief
    • Care in Burial Practices
    • Care in Honouring and Grieving the Dead
    • Care with Last Will and Testament
    • Care in Suicide
    • Other themes of Pastorate
  • Youth ministry and catechism
    • Principles of Youth ministry
    • Material for Youth ministry and catechism
      • In Thy Hands Children Material
        • In Thy Hands Part 2
        • In Thy Hands Part 1
    • Public profession of faith
  • Church Government
    • General Principles of Church government
    • Church Order
      • Purpose and observance of the Church order
      • Offices
      • Church Assemblies - General
      • Church Assemblies - Consistory
      • Oversight of doctrine and worship
      • Church Discipline
      • No Lording
    • Different systems of Church government
    • Church government and civil government
  • History & Church History
    • Church history - General
      • Historical writing
    • Church history - Early Church
      • Cyprian
      • Constantine the Great
      • Council of Nicea
      • Basil the Great
      • Cyril of Alexandria
      • Didache
      • Gregory of Nazianzus
      • Ignatius of Antioch
      • Irenaeus of Lyons
      • Clement of Alexandria
      • John Chrysostom
      • Athanasius
      • Augustine
      • Jerome
      • Early Church (general)
      • John of Damascus
      • Justin Martyr
      • Marcion
      • Melito of Sardis
      • Origen
      • Patrick of Ireland
      • Polycarp
      • Tertullian
    • Church history - Middle Ages
    • Church history - Reformation
      • Theodore Beza
      • Renaissance
      • Reformation in The Netherlands
      • Ulrich Zwingli
      • Zacharius Ursinus
      • William Tyndale
      • Reformation in Germany
      • Reformation in France
      • Hugh Latimer
      • John a Lasco
      • Reformation (General)
      • John Calvin
      • Philipp Melanchthon
      • John Knox
      • Martin Luther
      • Reformation in Eastern Europe
      • Heinrich Bullinger
      • Peter Vermigli
      • Reformation in England
      • Guido de Bres
    • Modern Church History
      • Church history - North America
      • Church history - Oceania
      • Church history - South America
      • Church history - Asia
      • Church history - Africa
      • Church history - Europe
    • Different theologies
      • Roman Catholic
      • Evangelical
      • Charismatic theology
      • Reformed
      • Five points of Calvinism
  • Defending the faith (Apologetics)
  • Mission & Evangelism
    • Biblical Basis of Missions
    • Missions and Evangelism
    • God as Missionary God
    • Missions as Work of God
    • Missions and the Glory of God
    • The Great Commission
    • Missions and local church
    • Missions and every believer
    • Church growth
    • The Missionary
    • The Mission Board
    • The Sending Church
    • Missions and Money
    • Short-term Missions
    • Mission Training
    • Missions to Children and Youth
    • Different Mission Approaches
    • Trends in Missions
    • History of Missions
    • Missionary and Culture
    • Missionary and Politics
    • Missions - Word and Deed
    • Missions and the Social Gospel
    • Mission, election and the free offer of the gospel
    • The Message in Missions
    • Mission and the Point of Contact
    • Prayer and Missions
    • The Mission Encounter
    • Boldness in Missions
    • Material to use in Missions
    • Missions and the New Convert
    • Worship in the Mission Field
  • Other religions
    • Relationship between Christianity and other religions
    • Jehovah's Witnesses
    • Islam
    • Judaism
    • Cults
    • New Age
    • Atheism
    • African Traditional Religions
    • Other religions (General)
    • Sects (General)
  • Faith & Science
    • Faith & Science (General)
    • Evolution
  • Philosophy & Culture
Christianity has been watered down until the solution is so weak that if it were poison it would not hurt anyone and if it were medicine it would not cure anyone! A. W. Tozer
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