"The fruit of the Spirit" in Galatians 5:22 appears to be a general allusion to Isaiah's promise that the Holy Spirit would bring about abundant fertility in the coming new age. Isaiah's repeated prophecies (especially Isaiah 32 and, above all, Isaiah 57) that in the new creation the Spirit would he the bearer of plentiful fruitfulness, are at the forefront of Paul's usage.

This is a review of Justification and Variegated Nomism: A Fresh Appraisal of Paul and Second Temple Judaism, vol. 2. The book is an evaluation of the New Perspective on Paul.